Group B strep infection | March of Dimes. Group B streptococcus (also called Group B strep or GBS) is a common type of bacteria (tiny organisms that live in and around your body) that can cause infection. Usually GBS is not serious for adults, but it can hurt newborns. Many people carry Group B strep bacteria and don’t know it. It may never make you sick. GBS in adults usually doesn’t have any symptoms, but it can cause some minor infections, like a bladder or urinary tract infection (UTI). While GBS may not be harmful to you, it can be very harmful to your baby. If you’re pregnant, you can pass it to your baby during labor and childbirth. · Group B Strep is a common bacterium carried by 20-30% of adults. Usually harmless, it can cause severe infection, most often in young babies. · Many women are colonized with Group B strep. GBS is also a rare cause of meningitis in adults. Symptoms could include fever, neck pain and stiffness. Adults can also get group B strep infections, especially if they are elderly or already have health problems. Group A Streptococcal Infections. Does Cipro Treat Group B Strep. Where to buy generic drugs online? Free pills with every order! Free shipping, quality, privacy, secure. Viagra without a doctor. Drug Side Effects; Dosage Guides. Group B strep disease Overview. Group B streptococcus. If you're like many adults, you may carry group B strep in your body. Reproduced with kind permission of Group B Strep Support. GBS colonises up to 30% of adults in the UK, without symptoms or side-effects. However, GBS can also cause. Carrying group B Strep in the vagina and/or rectum is perfectly normal, whether you are or you are not pregnant. Up to 30% of adults. About 1 out of 4 pregnant women (2. GBS bacteria. The best way to know if you have GBS is to get tested. If you do have GBS, though, there’s good news: your health care provider can give you treatment during labor and birth that protects your baby from GBS. How do you get GBS? GBS bacteria live in the intestines and the urinary and genital tracts. It lives in the body naturally. As an adult, you can’t get it from food, water or things you touch. · Group B strep infection. Group B streptococcus (also called Group B strep or GBS). GBS in adults usually doesn’t have any symptoms. Adults wearing dentures. Side Effects Of Fungus Medication Group B Strep Yeast Infection Side Effects Of Fungus Medication Over The Counter Treatment For A Yeast. What is Group B Strep (GBS)? Group B. intestine of 10-35% of all healthy adults and in the vagina and/or. Since antibiotics can cause side-effects. You can’t catch it from another person, and you can’t get it from having sex. How do you know if you have GBS? Your provider tests you for GBS at 3. Testing for GBS is simple and painless. Your provider takes a swab of your vagina and rectum and sends the sample to a laboratory. Your test results are usually available in 1 to 2 days. Your provider also can use some quick screening tests during labor to test you for GBS. But these should not replace the regular GBS test that you get at 3. How can you protect your baby from GBS? If your GBS test at 3. IV (through a needle into a vein). You also may be treated if you have any risk factors for GBS and you don’t know your GBS test results or you haven’t been tested yet. Treatment with antibiotics helps prevent your baby from getting the infection. Penicillin is the best antibiotic for most women. Another antibiotic called ampicillin also can be used. These medicines usually are safe for you and your baby. But some women (up to 1 in 2. About 1 in 1. 0,0. If you’re allergic to penicillin, your provider can treat you with a different medicine. If your test shows you have GBS, remind your health care providers at the hospital when you go to have your baby. This way, you can be treated quickly. Treatment works best when it begins at least 4 hours before childbirth. If you have GBS and you’re having a scheduled cesarean birth (c- section) before labor starts and before your water breaks, you probably don’t need antibiotics. It’s not helpful to take oral antibiotics before labor to treat GBS. The bacteria can return quickly, so you could have it again by the time you have your baby. If you have GBS, what are the chances that you can pass it to your baby? If you have GBS during childbirth and it’s not treated, there is a 1 to 2 in 1. The chances are higher if you have any of these risk factors: Your baby is premature. This means your baby is born before 3. Your water breaks (also called ruptured membranes) 1. You have a fever (1. F or higher) during labor. You’ve already had a baby with a GBS infection. You had a UTI during your pregnancy that was caused by GBS. If you have GBS and you’re treated during labor and birth, your treatment helps protect your baby from the infection. If your baby gets GBS, do signs of infection or other problems show up right after birth? Not always. It depends on the kind of GBS infection your baby has. There are two kinds of GBS infections: Early- onset GBS: Signs like fever, trouble breathing and drowsiness start during the first 7 days of life, usually on the first day. Early- onset GBS can cause pneumonia, sepsis or meningitis. If you have GBS, you can pass this kind of infection to your baby. But treatment with antibiotics during labor and birth can help prevent your baby from getting it. About half of all GBS infections in newborns are early- onset. Late- onset GBS: Signs like coughing or congestion, trouble eating, fever, drowsiness or seizures usually start when your baby is between 7 days and 3 months old. Late- onset GBS can cause sepsis or meningitis. If you have GBS, you can pass this kind of infection to your baby during or after birth. Treatment with antibiotics during labor and birth does not prevent late- onset GBS. After birth, your baby also can get GBS from other people who have the infection. What problems can GBS cause in newborns? Babies with a GBS infection can have one or more of these illnesses: Meningitis, an infection of the fluid and lining around the brain. Pneumonia, a lung infection. Sepsis, a blood infection. Pneumonia and sepsis in newborns can be life- threatening. Most babies who are treated for GBS do fine. But even with treatment, about 1 in 2. GBS die. Premature babies are more likely to die from GBS than full- term babies (born at 3. GBS infection may lead to health problems later in life. For example, about 1 in 4 babies (2. GBS develop: Cerebral palsy (A group of disorders that can cause problems with brain development. These problems affect a person's ability to move and keep their balance and posture.)Hearing problems. Learning problems. Seizures. If your baby has a GBS infection, how is he treated? It’s important to try and prevent a newborn from getting GBS. But if a baby does get infected with early- onset GBS or late- onset GBS, he is treated with antibiotics through an IV. If you're treated for GBS during labor, does your baby need special treatment? Probably not. But if you have a uterine infection (an infection in your uterus) during labor and birth, your baby should be tested for GBS. Your baby’s provider can treat your baby with antibiotics while you wait for the test results. Can GBS cause problems for mom during and after pregnancy? GBS can cause a uterine infection during and after pregnancy. Symptoms of a uterine infection include: Fever. Pain in your belly. Increased heart rate (During pregnancy, it also can cause your baby’s heart rate to increase.)If you have a uterine infection, your provider can give you antibiotics, and the infection usually goes away in a few days. Some women have no symptoms, so they don’t get treatment. Without treatment, infection during pregnancy may increase your chances of: Premature rupture of the members – When the amniotic sac breaks after 3. Preterm labor – Labor that happens too early, before 3. Stillbirth – When a baby dies in the womb after 2. If you’re treated for GBS during labor and birth, you probably won’t get a uterine infection after your baby is born. GBS also can cause a UTI during pregnancy. A UTI can cause fever or pain and burning when you urinate. Sometimes a UTI doesn’t have any symptoms. If you have a UTI, you may find out about it from a urine test during one of your prenatal visits. If you have a UTI caused by GBS, your provider gives you antibiotics to take by mouth during pregnancy. You also get antibiotics through an IV during labor and birth, because you may have high levels of GBS in your body. Is there a vaccine for GBS? No. But researchers are making and testing vaccines to prevent GBS infection in mothers and their babies. More information. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Last reviewed: November, 2. Information about group B Strep for women who are not pregnant. Carrying group B Streptococcus (GBS) is perfectly normal and natural whether you are pregnant or not. GBS colonisation. GBS is a normal bacterium which is carried by up to 3. UK adults, most commonly in the gut, and for up to 2. A positive vaginal or rectal swab result for GBS means a woman is colonised with or carries GBS at the time the swab was taken – not that she is ill. However, GBS found in the urine is usually GBS infection and should be treated at diagnosis with oral antibiotics and the treatment repeated until urine tests come back clear. Click here for more information.)GBS infection. GBS can occasionally cause infection – although uncommon, this most often occurs in newborn babies and more rarely in adults. GBS infection is diagnosed when the bacteria are grown from body fluids that are usually sterile, such as blood or spinal fluid. These are known as cultures and normally take one to two days to complete. When GBS infection occurs in adults, it’s usually (but not always) in those with serious underlying medical conditions which reduce the effectiveness of the immune system; the elderly; and pregnant women. Although uncommon, GBS infection in adults displays a whole spectrum of severity, from easily treated to very serious, particularly in non- pregnant adults. GBS infections in adults are usually skin and soft tissue infections (such as infection of skin ulcers caused by poor circulation and diabetes, or pressure sores in patients confined to bed), blood infections, pneumonia and urinary tract infections (such as kidney, bladder or prostate infections). GBS bacteria may also cause meningitis in adults, as well as bone infections and deep eye infections. The overall rate of GBS bacteraemia (GBS detected from the blood) per 1. England, Wales and Northern Ireland combined (source: PHE). Early recognition and treatment is important for the cure of GBS infection in adults. High doses of antibiotics such aspenicillin should be administered and the full course should be taken. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to drain infected sites and remove damaged tissue. GBS infections, especially the more deep- seated ones, require expert care, prolonged courses of antibiotics and sometimes more than one antibiotic at the same time. Due to the varied nature of these infections, it is impossible to generalise about what is the most appropriate treatment. Most GBS infection can be treated successfully, although some people will require all the expertise of intensive care facilities. Not all hospitals have such a facility and so some ill patients will have to be transferred to one with these specialised facilities.
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An arachnoid cyst is most likely to develop in your head, but it can also develop around your spinal cord. It’s called an arachnoid cyst because it occurs in the space between your brain, or spinal column, and your arachnoid membrane. This is one of three membrane layers that surround your brain and spine. If an arachnoid cyst develops in your head, it will grow between your brain and skull or in pockets around your brain called ventricles. Arachnoid cysts are usually filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is a naturally occurring protective fluid that surrounds your brain and spinal column. HealthTap: Doctor answers on Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and More: Dr. Fisher on cysts on back of neck in adults: a few things can cause cysts or lumps in or. · Two of the most common types of cysts that form under the skin in various parts of the body are epidermoid and pilar cysts. They used to be called. · A cyst is a sac that can be filed with air, fluid or tissue. They can appear anywhere on the body. Scalp cysts can range in size and shape and are. Arachnoid cysts can occur in both adults and children but are most often found in infants and adolescents. They affect more males than females. Colloid Cysts almost always occur in adults. Dermoid Cysts in the brain tend to occur in children under 10 years old. · An arachnoid cyst is a fluid-filled sac that can develop in your head or around your spinal. Arachnoid cysts are usually filled with cerebrospinal. The walls of an arachnoid cyst don’t allow this fluid to drain into your CSF system, causing it to accumulate inside. In children, arachnoid cysts are usually congenital, or present at birth. These cysts are called primary arachnoid cysts. Arachnoid cysts that develop later in life are called secondary arachnoid cysts. Primary arachnoid cysts are more common than secondary arachnoid cysts. Symptoms What are the symptoms of an arachnoid cyst? Brain cysts in adults: Get the facts. Lifescript offers answers to your common health and medical questions. Arachnoid cysts are usually asymptomatic. That means they don’t tend to produce symptoms. As a result, most people who have an arachnoid cyst don’t realize it until they’re examined for other issues, such as head injuries. In some cases, arachnoid cysts do cause symptoms. Symptoms depend on the location and size of the cyst. For example, symptoms may develop if you have a cyst that presses on nerves or sensitive areas of your brain or spinal cord. If it’s located in your brain, the cyst may produce one or more of the following symptoms: headachedizzinessnauseavomitinglethargyseizuresproblems hearing, seeing, or walkingbalance issuesdevelopmental delaydementia. If it’s located in your spinal column, it may cause symptoms such as: back painscoliosismuscle weakness or spasmslack of feeling or tingling in your arms or legsproblems controlling your bladder or bowels. If you develop these symptoms, contact your doctor. Causes What causes an arachnoid cyst? Primary, or congenital, arachnoid cysts are usually caused by an abnormal growth of your brain and spinal column while you’re developing in utero. The exact cause of this growth is not known. It might be genetic. Secondary arachnoid cysts, also known as noncongenital arachnoid cysts, can be caused by several things. · Pilar cysts typically affect middle-aged adults, particularly women. Unlike epidermoid cysts, they run in families. A cyst that forms on the eyelid is.Dermoid/Epidermoid Cysts of the Scalp and Skull. These can occur anywhere on the head although they are most commonly found on the forehead, soft spot. These include: injury to your head or spinal cordcomplications from brain or spinal surgerymeningitistumors. Arachnoid cysts are most common in children. They’re more likely to develop in men than women, reports the National Organization for Rare Disorders. Diagnosis How are arachnoid cysts diagnosed? If your doctor suspects you have an arachnoid cyst, they will likely order imaging tests. For example, they may use CT and MRI scans to look at your brain or spine. Treatment How are arachnoid cysts treated? If you have an arachnoid cyst that isn’t causing any symptoms or other complications, your doctor may advise you to leave it untreated. They will likely monitor the cyst over time to watch for potential growth or other changes. If it begins to cause problems, they may recommend treatment. If you have an arachnoid cyst in your brain that’s causing symptoms, your doctor will likely drain it. They may recommend one of two procedures. In the first procedure, they will make a small incision near the cyst and insert an endoscope with a small camera on the end. They will use this endoscope to gently open the cyst, allowing the fluid inside to drain into your CSF system, where it will be redistributed through your body. This procedure is called fenestration. In the second procedure, your doctor will insert a shunt into the cyst. This will allow the fluid inside to drain to another part of your body, such as your belly. If you have a symptomatic cyst in your spinal column, your doctor may recommend surgery to remove it completely. If that’s not feasible, they may use fenestration or shunting to drain it. Outlook What’s the outlook for an arachnoid cyst? If you have an asymptomatic cyst, you will likely be able to enjoy a normal life, even without treatment. Your doctor will generally encourage you to schedule regular check- ups to monitor it for changes. If you have a symptomatic cyst, draining or removing it should resolve your symptoms. In rare cases, an untreated expanding arachnoid cyst could cause permanent neurological damage. Ask your doctor for more information about your specific condition, treatment options, and long- term outlook. Pilar Cyst in Adults: Condition, Treatments, and Pictures - Overview. Information for. Adults. Images of Pilar Cyst. Overview. Pilar (trichilemmal) cysts, sometimes referred to as wens, are common fluid- filled growths (cysts) that form from hair follicles that are most often found on the scalp. The cysts are smooth and mobile, filled with keratin (a protein component found in hair, nails, and skin), and they may or may not be tender. Pilar cysts may run in families. Rarely, these cysts may grow more extensively and form rapidly multiplying (proliferating) pilar tumors (also called proliferating trichilemmal cysts), which are non- cancerous (benign) but may grow aggressively at the cyst site. Very rarely, pilar cysts can become cancerous. Who's at risk? Pilar cysts occur in 5–1. Pilar cysts occur most commonly in middle- aged women. Pilar cysts may run in families. Signs and Symptoms. Pilar cysts are usually found on the scalp. They appear as smooth, movable bumps under the skin. There is often more than one in an area, and they may become quite large. Occasionally, they are tender to the touch. The cysts may spontaneously burst open (rupture), usually causing intense redness and irritation. Self- Care Guidelines. None necessary. When to Seek Medical Care. See your doctor for an evaluation if you notice any growth you are unsure of or if a known pilar cyst becomes painful. Treatments Your Physician May Prescribe. Your doctor may: Cut into (incise) and drain the keratin and other material inside the cyst. Prescribe oral antibiotics if the cyst becomes infected (a rare occurrence). Surgically remove (excise) the cyst. Trusted Links. Medline. Plus: Benign Tumors. Medline. Plus: Hair Diseases and Hair Loss. Clinical Information and Differential Diagnosis of Pilar Cyst. References. Bolognia, Jean L., ed. Dermatology, pp. 1. New York: Mosby, 2. Freedberg, Irwin M., ed. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. New York: Mc. Graw- Hill, 2. Cysts, Lumps and Bumps: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments. There are a number of skin conditions that cause lumps and bumps to appear on the surface or just below the skin. This article covers some of the most common ones, and includes the following: Skin Cysts Cysts are noncancerous, closed pockets of tissue that can be filled with fluid, pus, or other material. Cysts are common on the skin and can appear anywhere. They feel like large peas under the surface of the skin. Cysts can develop as a result of infection, clogging of sebaceous glands (oil glands), or around foreign bodies, such as earrings. What Are the Symptoms of Skin Cysts? Skin cysts usually are: Slow- growing. Painless. Smooth to the touch when they are rolled under the skin. How Are Skin Cysts Treated? Cysts usually do not cause pain unless they rupture or become infected or inflamed. Most cysts do not disappear on their own without treatment. Some cysts may need to be drained to relieve symptoms. That involves piercing the cyst with a scalpel and draining it. That doesn't cure the cyst, however. Some inflamed cysts can be treated with an injection of cortisonemedication to cause it to shrink. Cysts that do not respond to other treatments or reoccur can be removed surgically if they cause troublesome symptoms. Cherry Angioma and Your Skin. A cherry angioma is a smooth, cherry- red bump on the skin. Although cherry angiomas usually appear on the trunk of the body, they can occur nearly anywhere. The cause of cherry angiomas is not known and the growths usually appear on people over the age of 4. What Are the Symptoms of Cherry Angiomas? Cherry angiomas are small, bright red growths that are smooth. The size of the growths can vary from the size of a pinhead to about a quarter inch in diameter. How Is a Cherry Angioma Treated? In most cases, cherry angiomas do not require treatment. If they are cosmetically unappealing or are subject to bleeding, angiomas may be removed by lasers or electrocautery - - the process of burning or destroying tissue by use of a small probe with an electric current running through it. Removal may cause scarring. Continued. Dermatofibromas and Your Skin. Dermatofibromas are harmless round, red- brownish skin growths that are most commonly found on the arms and legs. Dermatofibromas contains scar tissue and feel like hard lumps in the skin. The cause of dermatofibromas is not known. What Are the Symptoms of Dermatofibromas? The symptoms of dermatofibromas include: A red, brown, or purple growth that can change colors over time. A growth that is as small as a BB pellet. Tenderness, pain, and itching; however, growths also can be painless. A dimple that appears when the growth is pinched. How Are Dermatofibromas Treated? In most cases, there is no need to treat dermatofibromas. However, the growths can be removed surgically or can be flattened by being frozen with liquid nitrogen. Epidermoid Cysts and Your Skin. Epidermoid cysts, also called sebaceous cysts, are benign (non- cancerous) skin cysts formed by an outpouching from the hair follicle. Most commonly, epidermoid cysts are found on the genitals, chest, and back; but, they also can occur in other areas of the skin. What Are the Symptoms of Epidermoid Cysts? In general, epidermoid cysts have a round appearance. A dark portion of the cyst is visible on the skin. If the cysts become infected, they will become red and tender. When the cysts are squeezed, they can produce a cheesy white discharge. How Are Epidermoid Cysts Treated? The effective treatment of epidermoid cysts requires that the sac of the cyst be completely removed. If the cyst is squeezed and the discharge is forced out without removing the sac, the cyst will return. Usually, a doctor will be able to remove the cyst by making only a small incision in the skin. Antibiotics may be prescribed to treat infected cysts. Folliculitis and Your Skin. Folliculitis is an inflammation of the hair follicles. It can be caused by an infection in the hair follicles, by chemical irritation or by physical irritation (for example, shaving or friction from clothing). Typical body sites that are involved in folliculitis include the face, thighs, and scalp. Folliculitis is more common in people who have diabetes. It also is more common in people who are obese or have compromised immune systems. Continued. What Are the Symptoms of Folliculitis? The main lesion in folliculitis is a papule or pustule with a central hair. The hair shaft in the middle of the lesion may not be seen. Other signs and symptoms include: Multiple red pimples and/or pustules on hair- bearing areas of the body. Itching skin. How Is Folliculitis Treated? Topical antibiotics, oral antibiotics, or antifungal drugs may be used to treat infections associated with folliculitis, depending on the underlying cause. Treatment also involves preventing further damage to the hair follicles. Steps that can help achieve this goal include: Minimizing friction from clothing. Not shaving in the affected area, if possible. If shaving is necessary, use a clean new razor blade or an electric razor each time. Keeping the area clean. Keratoacanthoma and Your Skin. A keratoancanthoma occurs when cells in a hair follicle do not grow normally. The growth may be triggered by a minor skin injury in an area that previously had suffered sun damage. Ultraviolet radiation from sun exposure is the biggest risk factor in keratoacanthomas. A keratoacanthoma usually will appear on sun- damaged skin as a thick growth that has a central crusted plug. Keratoacanthomas appear most often in people who are over the age of 6. What Are the Symptoms of a Keratoacanthoma? Keratoacanthomas are rapidly growing, red, dome- shaped bumps with central craters. Some keratoacanthomas can grow to extremely large sizes, occasionally 1 to 3 inches in diameter. How Are Keratoacanthomas Treated? Keratoacanthomas can be removed by: Cryotherapy (freezing the growth with liquid nitrogen)Curettage (scraping and burning off the growth)Surgical removal. Injection of a cancer drug directly into the lesion. Keratosis Pilaris and Your Skin. Keratosis pilaris (commonly called KP) appears as "chicken skin bumps" on the skin. These bumps usually appear on the upper arms and thighs. They also can appear on the cheeks, back, and buttocks. Keratosis pilaris, while unattractive, is harmless. What Are the Symptoms of Keratosis Pilaris? This disorder appears as small, rough bumps. The bumps are usually white or red, but do not itch or hurt. Keratosis pilaris is usually worse during the winter months or other times of low humidity when skin becomes dry. It also may worsen during pregnancy or after childbirth. Continued. How Is Keratosis Pilaris Treated? Although the condition may remain for years, it gradually improves before age 3. Treatment of keratosis pilaris is not medically necessary; but, individuals with this condition may want to seek treatment for cosmetic reasons. The initial treatment of keratosis pilaris should be intensive moisturizing. A cream such as Am. Lactin or Lad. Hydrin can be applied after bathing, and then re- applied several times a day. Other treatments may include: Medicated creams containing urea (Carmol- 2. Aqua Glycolic, Lacticare) applied twice daily. Efforts to unplug pores by taking long, hot soaking tub baths and then rubbing and exfoliating the areas with a coarse washcloth or stiff brush. Lipomas and Your Skin. Lipomas are subcutaneous soft tissue tumors that usually are slow- growing and are harmless. They have a soft, rubbery consistency. Lipomas tend to form on the trunk, shoulders, neck, but can appear elsewhere on the body. What Are the Symptoms of Lipomas? Lipomas can appear as solitary nodules or in groups. Most lipomas are less than 5 cm in diameter and have no symptoms, but they can cause pain when they compress nerves. How Are Lipomas Treated? Lipomas are not removed unless there is a cosmetic concern, a compression of surrounding structures, or an uncertain diagnosis. Lipomas generally do not infiltrate into surrounding tissue so they can be removed easily by excision. An alternative to standard excision is to manually squeeze the lipoma through a small incision. This technique is useful in areas with thin dermis, such as the face and extremities. Liposuction- assisted lipectomy also can be used to remove large lipomas with minimal scarring. Neurofibromas and Your Skin. Neurofibromas are soft, fleshy growths that occur on or under the skin, sometimes even deep within the body. These are harmless tumors; however, they can turn malignant or cancerous in rare cases. What Are the Symptoms of Neurofibromas? The symptoms of neurofibromas may vary, depending on the locations and the sizes of the tumors. Symptoms can include: A painless, slow- growing mass. Occasional pain. Electric- like "shock" when the affected area is touched. Neurological problems if the tumor involves a major motor or sensory nerve or a nerve that is compressed between the tumor and a hard structure. Continued. How Are Neurofibromas Treated? If the tumor is not causing any symptoms, no treatment is necessary. However, doctors may choose to surgically remove the neurofibroma if it is affecting a major nerve. In most cases, neurofibromas are treated successfully and do not recur. Sources. SOURCE: American Academy of Dermatology. © 2. Web. MD, LLC. All rights reserved. Title and Registration - TN. Greenbrier (Great Smoky Mountains) - Wikipedia. Coordinates: 3. 5°4. N8. 3°2. 2′5. 9″W / 3. N 8. 3. 3. 83. 1°W / 3. The Little Pigeon River in Greenbrier. Greenbrier is a valley in the northern Great Smoky Mountains of Tennessee, located in the Southeastern United States. Now a recreational area, Greenbrier was once home to a string of Appalachian communities. Greenbrier is situated along the Middle Fork of the Little Pigeon River, stretching from Porters Flat in the south to Emert's Cove in the north, at the present park boundary. The area also includes the Middle Fork's immediate watershed from the crest of Grapeyard Ridge to the west (opposite the Roaring Fork area) to Snag Mountain in the east.
The area is sometimes called Big Greenbrier to distinguish it from Little Greenbrier, which is located between Wears Valley and Elkmont several miles to the west. Geology[edit]. Boulders litter the streambed of Porters Creek in Greenbrier. Monogramming also adds a nice touch to a wedding gift and is a fun reminder of the couple's new. Personal Creations was the winner of the 2016 Bizrate Circle of. Mainstay Suites hotels by Choice Hotels are like a home away from home. An Exclusive Gift for Elite Members* As a token of our appreciation. Tennessee Ridge TennesseeThe ridges surrounding Greenbrier are among the highest in the Appalachian range. To the east is the Guyotmassif, which rises to over 6,0. To the west is the Le Conte massif, which culminates in a 6,5. The ridge immediately to the south connecting the two massifs, known as "the Sawteeth," consists of a series of jagged, steep cliffs, the most well- known of which spans the northern face of Charlies Bunion. Greenbrier Pinnacle, a 7- mile (1. Old Black westward to the Middle Fork valley, nearly closes off Greenbrier Cove entirely. Over a dozen streams flow north from the crest of the Pinnacle, each of them cutting narrow hollows with traces of fertile bottomland. Rock wall at the old Cantrell homesite on Porters Creek. Greenbrier is underlain by a Precambrian metamorphic rock formation of the Ocoee Supergroup known as Roaring Fork Sandstone.[1] This rock type, created from ancient ocean sediments 7. History Of Oak Ridge TennesseeSmokies. As the elevation increases to the south, a thrust fault known as the Greenbrier Fault separates the Roaring Fork sandstone from Thunderhead sandstone and Anakeesta Formation, both of which are common along the Smokies crest. To the north, as the land flattens out (near the park boundary), another thrust fault, the Gatlinburg Fault, separates the Roaring Fork formation from a layer of siltstone, which underlies the foothills around Emert's Cove.[2]Like the Sugarlands and Roaring Fork to the west, Greenbrier's bottomlands and streambeds are coated with sandstone, phyllite, and slate rocks of all sizes. During the Ice Ages, the cold weather caused fracturing of the high mountain slopes, creating boulder fields. Over the centuries, erosional forces carried these boulders to lower elevations.[3] Greenbrier's residents used these rocks for fencing in lieu of barbed wire, creating the long rock walls that criss- cross the area today. History[edit]Early history[edit]. The grave of William Whaley, one of Greenbrier's first Euro- American inhabitants. The name "Greenbrier" refers to the thorny vines of the Smilax genus that are common throughout Southern Appalachia.[4] Although it's unknown when the upper Middle Fork valley obtained this name, it was being called "Greenbrier" as early as the 1. The name is not uncommon elsewhere in the region. The Cherokee were the first inhabitants of the Greenbrier area, and may have had a seasonal settlement at Porters Flat, near Greenbrier's southern tip. As late as the early 2. Greenbrier often referred to Porters Flat as "Indian Nation," which may hearken back to its days as a Cherokee settlement.[6]Around 1. William Whaley (1. Middleton Whaley (1. Euro- American settlers in Greenbrier.[7] The Whaleys hailed from Edgefield District, South Carolina, and crossed the crest of the Smokies at Dry Sluice Gap (near Charlies Bunion), which is just above Porters Flat. William Whaley settled at the confluence of Porters Creek and the Middle Fork of the Little Pigeon River. Middleton settled further down the valley, near Emert's Cove.[8]In 1. John Ownby (1. 78. War of 1. 81. 2, settled downstream from the Whaleys. The Whaley and Ownby families spread quickly throughout the valley. In the early 2. 0th century, a map of Greenbrier showed the location of 2. Whaleys and 1. 0 were Ownbys.[9]Later settlers[edit]. Parton Cemetery in Greenbrier. The upper watershed of the Middle Fork of the Little Pigeon River consists of a series of streams, some flowing down from Grapeyard Ridge to the west and a dozen or so flowing down from Greenbrier Pinnacle to the east. Each of these streams has cut a deep hollow, isolating the bottomlands of each amidst low ridges. Thus, rather than being one large community, Greenbrier consisted of several individual communities located along these streams. Most communities took the name of the stream upon which they were situated.[1. Along with Greenbrier Cove itself, the most prominent of these small communities included Copeland, Soak Ash, Webb Creek, Ramsey Creek, Noisy Creek, Redwine Creek, and Little Bird Branch, all at the base of Greenbrier Pinnacle, and Laurel Creek (now Rhododendron Creek), located on Grapeyard Ridge. Resident Fishing License Qualifications. Tennessee state law requires drivers to obtain a Tennessee driver's license within 30 days of residency. Charles Rayfield (1. Laurel Creek and the Middle Fork sometime before the Civil War. The Grapeyard Ridge Trail now winds through the former homesteads of many of Rayfield's children and grandchildren. David Proffitt (1. Whaley lands, sometime around 1. Around the same time, James Redwine, a circuit rider, settled along the creek that now bears his name.[1. Benjamin Christenberry Parton (1. Margaret arrived in Greenbrier sometime in the 1. Parton, who survived a gunshot wound to the head during the Civil War,[1. Little Bird Branch and the Middle Fork, at the western base of Greenbrier Pinnacle. Parton and many of his descendants are buried in a cemetery on a hill where his cabin once stood, overlooking Little Bird Branch.[1. Life in Greenbrier[edit]Robert Parke of the University of Buffalo visited Greenbrier in the 1. We were slowly penetrating the great range within a few miles of the North Carolina border, passing cornfields so steep that we wondered how they could be cultivated, bouncing past old- time log cabins built of hand- hewn timber, and waving to unbelievably large numbers of silent children who watched amid the barking of their dogs as strangers went by. We stopped by a cabin and inquired of an aged woman who sat leaning back in a homemade hickory chair with her feet on the rail, how far it was to Greenbriar, which had been designated to us as the end of the trail that could be traversed by four wheels.[1. Like the Sugarlands to the west, Greenbrier was a largely isolated community until the early 2. The valley's economy was based on subsistence farming, with most farms ranging in size from 5. Most families lived in one- room log cabins surrounded by grassless yards and a paling fence, although modern- looking frame houses began to replace log structures when saw mills arrived in the area around 1. Most farms included a barn, corn crib, smokehouse, springhouse, and a small orchard. Some of the wealthier families owned their own grist mill.[1. As game was plentiful, many farmers supplemented their income by hunting and trapping.[1. The residents of Greenbrier were largely pro- Union during the Civil War, although most tried to avoid the conflict altogether. A small force led by Confederate commander William Holland Thomas passed through Greenbrier while fleeing to North Carolina after being chased out of Gatlinburg. On the way, they inflicted minor amounts of damage to the farms of known Union supporters.[1. Shortly after the war, Greenbrier resident Perry Shults claimed to have discovered gold and silver at the headwaters of Porters Creek. In 1. 86. 7, Shults received a charter from the Sevier County Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc Company for his find, and Shults began a low- key mining operation in the area. It was later discovered that Shults was producing counterfeit silver coins, and Shults fled west when the Secret Service opened an investigation. The location of Shults' mine (or if it existed at all) is unknown.[1. Most all small communities in the Greenbrier area had at least one general store. Greenbrier residents would typically trade chickens, eggs, and animal furs for clothing, salt, pepper, coal oil, and medicine. As roads improved in the late 1. Greenbrier farmers could haul excess crops to Knoxville. These crops were typically corn or potatoes. Others dug ginseng, which was plentiful in the Smokies at the time, while others used their excess corn to make moonshine.[2. Bill Cardwell, who lived in the northern part of Greenbrier in the early 2. Sheriff of Sevier County.[2. Porters Flat, also known as Indian Nation. In the early 2. 0th century, Greenbrier had a population of approximately 5. Scattered about the valley were three general stores, two churches, a school, a hotel, three blacksmith shops, and five grist mills.[2. Roads were collectively maintained by males 2. The two main religious denominations were the Primitive Baptists and Missionary Baptists.[2. In the late 1. 9th century, innovations in the logging industry, specifically the band saw, led to a rapid deforestation of the woodland along the Ohio Valley and Mississippi Delta. As demand for timber increased, lumber companies turned to the dense, mature forests of Appalachia. Saw mills began to spring up around the Smokies, with major logging operations taking place above Elkmont and the Oconaluftee watershed. Greenbrier residents David Proffitt and Pinkney Whaley erected a saw mill near Porters Flat, and by 1. Porters Creek watershed.[2. Around this time, the writings of authors such as Horace Kephart began to draw tourists to the Smokies. Greenbrier residents had always offered lodging to the various loggers, surveyors, and fur trappers who visited the valley, but no major hotel existed that could rival the likes of Andy Huff's Mountain View Hotel in Gatlinburg. In 1. 92. 5, Kimsey and James West Whaley bought the old Greenbrier schoolhouse (which had burned), and remodeled it as a lodge.
Del og lær : Spesialpedagogikk. Her finner du en lenkesamling for spesialpedagogikk - artikler, verktøy, ressurser mm. Verktøy, ressurser, oppslagsverk. Tusen - muligheter til å fremme begrepsutvikling hos barn i alderen 4 – 1. Læremiddelet er med norsk tegnspråk, og grafiske tegn (Symbol. Stix), med støtte for bryterstyring. Fra Møller- Trøndelag kompetansesenter. Arbeidsprøven fra Statped. Arbeidsprøven er et kartleggingsmateriell for skoler laget av dysleksiteamet på Bredtvet kompetansesenter. Arbeidsprøven gjør det mulig å kartlegge lesingen og det språklige grunnlaget til elever. Do. Learn. Her er det mye nyttig, selv om nettstedet er på engelsk. Dysleksi - hjelpemiddeloversikt. Flott oversikt over gode hjelpemidler for mennesker med lese- og skrivevansker, fra Dysleksi Norge. Gratis tilgang på over 6. Her kan du laste ned gratis grafiske tegn som kan brukes for barn med behov for visuell støtte. Materialet er oversatt fra dansk. Fra Møller- Trøndelag kompetansesenter. IKT i spesialundervisning. Læremidler, verktøy, tilnærminger og teknologi for å tilrettelegge for utvikling og læring når barn, unge og voksne har særlige opplæringsbehov. Artikkel fra Moava med lenker til nettsteder om bruk av IKT i spesialundervisning. Kartleggingsprøve i matematikk. Prøven kartlegger kunnskap og innsikt i matematikk hos elever som mestrer de grunnleggende begreper innen faget. Besøksadresse: Baker Østbys vei 14 1351 Rud Telefon: 67 50 67 50 Mob: 90 86 28 41 E-post: [email protected] Norsk grunnskoleeksamen for voksne omfatter fem. Lokale studiesentre er Tynset Studie- og høgskolesenteri Kompetansesenteret på Tynset ogRøros Ressursved Røros videregående skole. Har du spørsmål, behov for. Den går grundig inn i addisjon, subtraksjon, multiplikasjon og divisjon. Klar tale. Klar tale er en lettlest avis, med mulighet for tekstopplesning. Lærebøker og konkretiseringsmateriell for spesialundervisning. Her kan du søke etter trykte læremidler for spesialundervisning. Fra Møller- Trøndelag kompetansesenter. Læringsloftet. Læringsloftet er et statlig ressurssenter for leketøy, lærebøker og spesialpedagogiske læremidler. Senteret er tilknyttet Høgskolen i Nord- Trøndelag (Hi. NT) og Trøndelag kompetansesenter (TKS). Læringsmiljøsenteret. Et statlig forskningsbasert spesialpedagogisk kompetanse- senter som ligger i Stavanger. Lese og skrive med IKT hjelpemidler. Intervjuer og informasjon for å gjøre hverdagen enklere for de med lese- og skrivevansker. Fra Nordnorsk IKT- senter Lexin. Lexin er et nettbasert ordbok for innvandrere, men kan brukes til mye mer. Det inneholder blant annet et norsk- engelsk oversetter, og bildeordbøker i bokmål, nynorsk og engelsk. Lexin bildetema. Kan brukes til å lære navn på ting. Har lyd. Fra Uni Computing på oppdrag fra KD og Utdanningsdirektoratet. LURT - "Interaktivt undervisningsmateriell i tegnspråk som skal hjelpe deg med å tilegne deg kunnskap om norsk tegnspråk". Fra Hi. ST. New Horizons for Learning. Nettsted med mange artikler om pedagogikk, spesialpedagogikk, mm. Engelsk) Nyheter i bilder. Dette er en lestlest avis med grafiske tegn og symboler. Oppgaver fra Møller kompetansesenterØvingsmateriale laget spesielt for døve barn på mellomtrinnet i grunnskolen. Kan brukes til elever med læringsvansker, elever med norsk som andrespråk, osv. Velg fag i rammen til venstre. Ordtrener. Ordtrener hjelper eleven med å trene på de vanskelige ordene. Her får eleven 6 spørreleker (quiz) med bilder og lyder som hjelper dem til å skrive ordene riktig. Laget av Pål Lennart Horne. Ressurs for hørselshemmede. En flott ressurs for undervisning av hørselshemmede barn, unge og voksne. Fra Møller kompetansesenter. Skolelydbok. Statped har ansvar for produksjon og distribusjon av tilpassede lydbøker for grunnopplæringen. Spørsmål og svar om spesialundervisning - for foreldre Språktrappa. Språktrappa er et pedagogisk planleggingsverktøy for å sikre systematisk språk- og begrepslæring i barnehage og skole. Modellen er utarbeidet av Åssiden barnehage og Åssiden skole, Drammen kommune. Språkvansker. Nettsidene er utviklet av språkforskere og fagfolk som jobber med språkutvikling og språkvansker. Her finner du oppdatert informasjon om både typisk og atypisk språkutvikling. Du kan også lese om språkvansker hos barn og voksne. Fra Forskergruppen i klinisk lingvistikk og språktilegnelse ved Universitetet i Oslo i samarbeid med flere. Verktøy for å lage eget undervisningsmateriell. Her finnes det mange gratis verktøy som kan brukes til å lage tilpassede arbeidsark som kan brukes i spes. Nettstedet er på engelsk, men fortsatt mye som kan brukes her. Artikler, hefter, brosjyrer. Gratis kurs på nettet - Dataporten. Det finnes etter hvert et utrolig stort utvalg av kurs og utdanningstilbud på nettet. På denne siden får du en oversikt over de beste gratistilbudene. En del av tilbudene må du betale for, men ganske mesteparten er helt gratis. Les også: Verktøy for studenter, elever og lærere. På denne siden får du en oversikt over nettbaserte kurs innen blant annet data, foto og språk. Du finner også en oversikt over nettbaserte leksikon og ordbøker. Fordelen med å følge kurs på nettet er at du kan som regel følge kurset i ditt eget tempo, og kan repetere kurset så ofte du ønsket. Norske kurstilbud. Her finner du nettsteder som tilbyr opplæring på flere forskjellige fagområder, eller nedlasting av forelesninger/bøker. Vi starter med norske tilbud. Cupo. Nation Excel- webinar er et gratis webinar der forfatteren av «Become an Excel master» skal bruke to timer på å lære bort sine beste tips og triks for Excel. Datoen for webinaret er 2. Excel Akademiet tilbyr gratis nettkurs i regnearket Microsoft Excel for nybegynnere. Forelesning. no er et nettsted som blant annet tilbyr eforelesninger, videoforelesninger og ulike interaktive oppgaver. Handelshøyskolen BI tilbyr nettbasert utdanning innen økonomisk- administrative fagområder. Khan Academy tilbyr videobasert undervisning i forskjellige fag. Tjenesten ble grunnlagt av amerikaneren Salman Khan i 2. Kursguiden. no er en norsk portal med oversikt over kurs. Målet for denne nettsiden er å samle alle kurs og studier i Norge. Her finnes det både nettbaserte kurs, og andre typer kurs. Mooc. no er en felles portal for norske MOOC- aktiviteter. Denne portalen gir oversikt over MOOC- inspirerte, nettbaserte kurs i regi av norske universitet og høyskoler. Tanken er at portalen skal kunne samle alle relavante kurs, uavhengig av hvilken plattform kursene kjører på. Nettbasertekurs. no er en samling av kurs som gjennomføres på nett. Du finner kurs innen teknologi, sport, programvare, personlig utvikling, hobby og business. Mange av kursene må du betale for, men du finner også kurs som er helt gratis. NKI nettstudier er Nordens største nettskole. Skolen er godkjent av Utdannings- og forskningsdepartementet etter Lov om voksenopplæring. Tilbyr utdanning på ulike fagområder. NKS Nettstider er en norsk utdanningstilbud som tilbyr høyskolestudier og yrkesrettet undervisning på internett. Noo. A eller Campus Noo. A er offentlig godkjent som nettskole i Norge av Utdannings- og forskningsdepartementet etter Lov om voksenopplæring. Her finner du nettkurs i forskjellige fag. Norgesuniversitetet er Kunnskapsdepartementets organ for å fremme IKT- støttet og fleksibel utdanning, og samarbeid med arbeidslivet. Norsk Nettskole er datterselskap av AV- senteret, et senter som tilbyr ulike typer læremidler. Norsk Nettskole AS er en godkjent frittståande fjernundervisningsinstitusjon, som er medlem i Norsk Forbund for Fjernundervisning. Norges teknisk- naturvitenskapelige universitet (NTNU) tilbyr nedlasting av forelesninger, og andre videopocaster. Dette er tilgjengelig direkte i nettleseren via NTNU open. Video. NTNU viser også forelesninger på Youtube – les mer på ntnu. Du finner forelesningene på youtube. Skooler er en Office 3. Portalen er et verktøy som kan brukes sammen med Office 4. Tanken er at svært mange skoler i Norge bruker allerede Office 3. Microsoft tilbyr kontorpakken gratis til skoler. Det er selskapet Avantador som ståt bak Skooler. Smartify tilbyr videobasert undervisning innen programvare, økonomi, marked og juss. Tjenesten er reklamebasert eller reklamefritt abonnement. Prisene varierer fra 0 – 3. NOK per måned. Sonans utdanning er en privat tilbyder av allmennfaglig utdanning på videregående skoles nivå. Tilbudet dekker tilbud til privatister (1. Du finner mer informasjon om Sonans nettstudier på sonans. UDL. no tilbyr fritt tilgjengelige video- forelesninger i fag som matematikk og programmering. Universitetet i Bergen tilbyr nettbaserte kurs i samarbeide med Futurelearn. Utdannet. no tilbyr nettbasert undervisning og kurs. Noen av kursene er gratis, mens du må betale for de fleste. Utdanning. no er en nasjonal fellesportal for utdanning, karriere og læring, og eies av Kunnskapsdepartementet. Kurs på engelsk. Her finner du engelskspråklige nettsteder som tilbyr opplæring eller nedlasting av bøker/forelesninger. Academic Earth viser oversikt over nettbasert utdanning. Class Central – top 5. MOOCs of all time har en liste over engelske MOOC- aktiviteter som nettstedet mener er tidenes beste. Her finner du kurs i kategoriene technology, science, business og humanities. Distance- education. Denne portalen tar utgangspunktet i amerikanske skolesystemer. Documentarystorm. Youtube. Khan Academy er et fantastisk nettsted som tilbyr opplæring i matematikk, vitenskap, informasjonsteknologi, økonomi og humanetiske fag. Kursene er videobaserte, og den pedagogiske kvaliteten på opplæringen er meget høy. Hvis du sliter med matte eller noen av de andre fagene, og er fortrolig med det engelske språket, vil du garantert lære av dette! Det finnes også en app som kan brukes til å laste ned kursene – les mer i vår artikkel. Learn That tilbyr gratis opplæring i emner som data, økonomi og business. Lynda. com er et stort nettsted som tilbyr videobasert kurs i flere forskjellige kategorier. De fleste kursene må du betale for, men det finnes også en del kurs som er helt gratis. Du betaler 2. 5 dollar per måned for full tilgang. MIT Open. Course. Ware tilbyr gratis forelesningsinnhold fra det amerikanske tekniske universitetet Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Du finner en oversikt over emner på ocw. MOOC List er en forkortelse for «Massive Open Online Course», og er en liste over gratis undervisning og kurs fra skoler og universiteter. Online Education Database er en database med forelesninger fra amerikansk «college». På denne siden finner du forelesninger som er gratis. Openculture. com er et nettsted som samler lenker til gratis kulturstoff på nettet. Her finner du blant annet gratis kurs på nettet, lydbøker, språkopplæring, e- bøker og gratis pensumbøker. TED er en fantastisk samling av videobaserte foredrag om ulike typer emner – alt er gratis. Det hele startet som en konferanse i 1. Etter det har dette vokst og vokst, og omhandler nå langt flere temaer, og takket være internett er dette tilgjengelig for alle som har nettilgang. Topdocumentary Films tilbyr visning av dokumentarer direkte i nettleseren. Tuts+ tilbyr kurs og ebøker som fokuserer på grafiks design, webutvikling og grafikk. Udemy tilbyr kurs på nettet. De fleste kursene må du betale for, men det finnes også en del kurs som er gratis. Her finner du kurs med forskjellige temaer, blant annet programmering, webutvikling, fotografi, og språk, bare for å nevne noen få. Webcast. berkeley. Berkeley i California. Forelesningene er også tilgjengelige på Youtube. Webvideouniversity. Her lærer du å produsere egne kursvideoer. Wiki. How er et åpent nettsted som tilbyr kurs i mange forskjellige kategorier. Det er brukerne selv som vedlikeholder dette nettstedet. Wikiversity åpen undervisning på nett. Dette nettstedet opererer på samme måten som det åpen leksikonet Wikipedia, nemlig at det er brukerne som bidrar til innholdet. Du finner en oversikt over emner på wikiversity. Youtube er et av verdens største og mest populære nettsteder for deling av videoer. Her finner du selvfølgelig et stort utvalg av videobaserte kurs. Det er bare å søke etter et emne du har lyst å lære mer om, og du får sikker noen gode treff. Les også: You. Tube- guide. Du er kanskje ikke klar over det, men mange aktører har egne kanaler på Youtube, med opplæring i forskjellige emner: Dette bare noen av slik Youtube- kanaler. Her finner du kurs som omhandler data. Du finner også mange datakurs under «Generelt» – det vil si på nettsteder som tilbyr opplæring i ulike emner, vil du også finne kurs som omhandler data. Codecademy. com er et nettsted som tilbyr gratis opplæring i koding og programmering. Her kan du blant annet lære Javascript, CSS, HTML, PHP, Python og Ruby. Codecademy. com tilbyr opplæring i programmering og koding. Dataporten – vår egen nettside tilbyr en rekke guider om Windows, programvare og internett. HTML5 Rocks tilbyr informasjon og kurs om HTML5. Tek. no tilbyr guider om programvare, maskinvare og internett. Teachyourselftocode. The C++ Tutorial gir deg opplæring i programmeringsspråket C++. Fotokurs. Her finner du kurs innen foto, kamera og bildebehandling. Adobe Creative Suite Video Podcast tilbyr tips for bruk av programpakken Adobe Creative Suite. Adobe TV tilbyr opplæring i ulike produkter fra Adobe, blant annet Photoshop. Astro. Foto har en del artikler om fotografi av verdensrommet. Dataporten – vår egen nettside tilbyr flere fotoguider. Stanford University tilbyr ganske avanserte fotokurs, helt gratis. Camera Position samling av tips fra fotograf Jeff Curto. Club Scoolo er en norsk side som tilbyr gratis fotokurs. Digital Photography Course er et fotokurs av Marc Levoy, professor i datateknikk ved Stanford universitetet i USA. Dette kurset er ganske teknisk – det er nå fritt tilgjengelig på nettet. Digital Photography School tilbyr en stor samling av tips og kurs innen foto. Kodak Photocasts har samling av videoer med fototips. Martin Bailey Photography Podcast har samling av fototips fra fotograf Martin Bailey. Photography Tips from the Top Floor er samling av tips fra fotograf Chris Marquardt. The Mindful Eye med samling av artikler om foto. Moderskeppet. se er et svensk nettsted som tilbyr videobaserte fotokors. Se og lær foto er et norsk nettsted som tilbyr videobaserte fotokurs. Ingen av kursene er gratis. Tek. no er en norsk fotoside. Her finner du mange guider, blant annet disse: VKool – How to Take Good Photos er kommersielt nettbasert fotokurs for nybegynner. Kurset har éngangsavgift på 9. USD (5. 66 NOK). Du finner en anmeldelse av kurset på prweb. Det finnes ganske mange nettsted som tilbyr opplæring innen forskjellige språk. Vi har samlet noen av disse. Indo- European Languages tilbyr et utvalg av gratis språkopplæring. NRK Skole - Lærerike programmer og klipp. Norsk Presseforbund, logo. Vi arbeider etter. Vær Varsom- plakatens reglerfor god presseskikk. Den som mener seg rammet av urettmessig publisering, oppfordres til å ta kontakt med redaksjonen. Pressens Faglige Utvalg (PFU) er et klageorgan oppnevnt av Norsk Presseforbund som behandler klager mot mediene i presseetiske spørsmål. How to Play the Ice Breaker Game People Bingo. Or liven things up with this list of the top ice breaker party games for adults. Whatever game you choose. Large Group Icebreakers. Icebreakers for Large Groups (1. The following large group icebreaker guides provide free step- by- step instructions for activities that work great when you have groups of ten to thirty people. Some of these large group activities involve good teamwork or fun competition! Art Effects (Drawing)Air Balloons (Active)Animal Sounds (Active, Talking)Best Skills Showdown (Active)Bigger and Better (Active, Teambuilding)Blanket Game (Get- to- know- you)Candy Introductions (Get- to- know- you)Categories (or Similarities) (Get- to- know- you)Collaborative Drawing (Party, Teambuilding)Crazy Job Interview (Talking)Chariot Race (Active)Connecting Stories (Get- to- know- you, Teambuilding)Defend the Egg (Teambuilding)Did You Know? Bingo (Get- to- know- you)Electric Current Game (Active, Teambuilding)Extreme Rock, Paper, Scissors (Active)Extremes: Where Do You Stand? Get- to- know- you)Fabulous Flags (Get- to- know- you)Fear in a Hat (Teambuilding)Giants, Wizards, Elves (Active)Gone Fishin’ (Active)Great Wind Blows (Get- to- know- you, Active)Group Juggling (Active, Teambuilding)Hot and Cold Game (Party, Talking)Hot Potato Camera (Party)Human Rock Paper Scissors (Active)Icebreaker Questions (Get- to- know- you, Teambuilding)Identity Circles (Get- to- know- you)King Elephant (Active)Korean Rhythm Game – Assa (Stationary, Party)Late Arrivals Game (Party, Talking)Lost on a Deserted Island (Get- to- know- you, Teambuilding)Magic Word (Party)Marshmallow Toss (Active)More Good Icebreaker Questions (Get- to- know- you, Teambuilding)Name Aerobics (Get- to- know- you, Teambuilding, Active)Never Have I Ever (Get- to- know- you)Newspaper Towers (Teambuilding, Active)Paper Airplanes/Name Planes (Get- to- know- you)Paper Snowball Fight (Active)Personal Trivia Baseball (Get- to- know- you)Photo Scavenger Hunt (Active, Teambuilding)Psychiatrist Game (Talking, Acting, Stationary)React and Act Game (Active)Sardines (Active)Screaming Viking (Active, Party)Secret Santa Gift Exchange (Party)Sequence (Teambuilding)Shoe Pile Mingle (Get- to- know- you, Teambuilding)Sticker Ninja (Party)Story Starters (Get- to- know- you)Strange Disease Diagnosis Game (Party, Stationary, Talking)String Game (Get- to- know- you)Superlative Game (Get- to- know- you)Tall Tales Story Game (Storytelling)Telephone Charades (Active)Trust Walk Teambuilding Activity (Active, Teambuilding)Two Truths and a Lie (Get- to- know- you)Ultimate Ninja (Active)Unique and Shared (Get- to- know- you, Teambuilding)What I Would Have Done (Get- to- know- you)Who Am I? Mingling)Who Done It? Get- to- know- you)Wink Murder (Party).
There isn't a social event that can't benefit from one of our ice breaker games. Use one of our 18 ice breaker games to help everyone get to know one another. 15 Ice Breaking Christmas Party Games For Adults. This is a great ice breaker! no matter which Christmas party games your adult group decides to play. Here is our list of 11 ice breaker games for adults that are perfect for parties, office meetings, and team building events. Get to know each other! Ice Breaker - A free Puzzle Game. Cookies help us provide, protect and improve Miniclip's services and to make your experience more fun! Third parties use cookies on our site to tailor adverts to your interests on third party websites. By scrolling, clicking or navigating our site, you consent to this use of cookies in accordance with our Cookies Policy, which includes details of how you can change your cookie settings. Brilliant Christmas Icebreaker Games to Bring People Closer Together. This game is really simple and promises a whole lot of fun. Each guest is given a piece of paper which has one word of a popular Christmas song on it. At the ring of the buzzer, each guest has to check the allotted word, identify the song and then find those 3 people at the party who have the rest of the words listed. When they manage to find their partners, they must write down the first line of the song on a piece of paper and find their way to the referee of the game. The team that manages to do that first, wins. It is important that you only take famous and popular carols or songs so that it aids the game along smoothly. For example - Rudolf the red- nosed reindeer. This is a song that everyone knows without a doubt. Also, make sure that you only list the defining words, like in this case, 'Rudolf', 'Reindeer', 'Red- nosed' and 'Shiny' and not words like 'the' or 'and' which can get confusing. Top 2. 5+ best Ice breaker games ideas on Pinterest. Free Romantic Movies On YoutubePopular Adult Novels Books. Welcome back. Just a moment while we sign you in to your Goodreads account.
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ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING FIRST YEAR TAMILNADU TEXTBOOK CORPORATION COLLEGE ROAD, CHENNAI - 600 006. Untouchability is a Sin Untouchability is a Crime. How to Get Certification to Teach English As a Foreign Language. Would you like to travel the world teaching English? Getting certification before you go will help. Fully qualifying TEFL qualification accredited all over the world! Teach English as a foreign or second language to any type of study group, young or old, from. Teach English Abroad - help with every step of your TEFL career, guide to choosing a TEFL certificate course, new TEFL jobs advertised every day, teaching resources. How to Get Certification to Teach English As a Foreign Language. Choose a good course. The main, initial qualification is called the CELTA (Certificate in English Language Teaching to Adults) or Cert TESOL (Certificate in Teaching English as a Second Language). Don't waste money on an 'introduction' or 'starter' course. This module provides a description of the basic principles and procedures of the most recognized and commonly used approaches and methods for teaching a second or. These teaching tips by Liz Regan will be of general help to new teachers or others who simply wish to brush up on their technique. For teachers of English, especially. Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) Which is an approach to the teaching of second and foreign languages,emphasizes interaction as. They aren't worth anything to potential employers and are a waste of both your time and money. Do not waste your time or money taking an online teacher certification course. You will just be throwing your money away. Any half reputable school will not hire someone with such a qualification. Those who will are the bottom of the barrel types, that will hire anyone breathing that can speak a little English. Schools that are worth teaching for will still tell you to get a CELTA or a Trinity Cert. TESOL, even if you already have your online teaching certificate. Any reputable course will have at least 6+ hours of observed in class teaching practice with mentor feedback. The CELTA course generally takes 4 weeks, full time and can be very intensive. Alternatively, you can study part- time over approximately 1. Take a good, accredited course, even if it costs more money and takes more time. You will find that it is worth the investment when you start looking for jobs. With a proper certificate you are much more likely to be offered a good contract with decent conditions and salary. Get a recognised qualification. The two most recognised certificate qualifications are: Cambridge University's ESOL (English as a Second Language) CELTA and the Trinity Cert. TESOL. International House, London regularly offers Cambridge CELTA courses, both full- time and part- time, as well as an online course. The course is a combination of theory and practice. There are input sessions which explain the theory of language teaching, grammar, vocabulary and skills teaching. There are also practice sessions in which you are expected to plan and deliver an English language lesson to a group of foreign students. In addition, you will observe other experienced teachers teaching so that you can see best practice. Teaching ESL to Adults. This website is a resource for teachers and tutors teaching ESL to adults. All content is written by an ESL teacher currently teaching English as a Second Language. It's intended to help teachers—especially new teachers—save time and resources by providing essential English- teaching information in one place. When I first started teaching English to adults, I spent a lot of time preparing ESL lesson plans; and I mean a lot of time. Because I'm a native English speaker, I'd never had to think about English grammar, idioms, phrasal verbs, time markers, past tense pronunciation, intonation, verb tenses and all the other things that make up the English language. I just automatically used them. I've been using them for decades! So when I studied for my TESOL certification, I had to start thinking about all of these English language components. I especially had to think about how to teach them to English language learners. At the beginning of my ESL teaching career, much of the time I spent preparing lesson plans was making sure that I thoroughly understood the English language concept I was going to teach. I studied numerous ESL grammar books and scoured the internet looking for help to understand the topics well enough to be able to effectively teach them. This site is a compilation of the many English language components that I had to learn well enough to teach. Hopefully, it will save other teachers and tutors who are teaching ESL to adults a lot of time (after all, most of us aren't paid for all the time we spend preparing lesson plans!). The ESL Teaching Profession. Teaching ESL to adults is an extremely rewarding and interesting profession. Since I started teaching English as a Second Language, I've met many incredible people from all over the world. I've learned about cultures, expressions, politics, and social structures that are different from my own. Every class is an opportunity to help and to teach, but it's also an opportunity to learn and to receive. If you're thinking about getting into this profession, I've also provided information about how to start teaching ESL to adults. And if you're thinking about doing private tutoring, then I strongly encourage you to check out my book, "1. Steps to a Successful ESL Tutoring Business."I hope you will enjoy this career as much as I do! How I Built This Top Ranking ESL Site. If you're curious about how an English tutor with limited computer experience could build a website that ranks so highly on all the major Search Engines (#1 out of millions of ESL sites!), check out SBI! and you'll learn my secret. What's in this English Site? Check out the Sitemap to see a complete list of the pages in my site. You can also find specific words or phrases quickly by using the Google search box below to find ESL and EFL info. Best Way to Keep Current on Teaching ESL to Adults. Off course, you can always bookmark this site, but probably the quickest way to learn when I add new pages, worksheets, resources, etc., is to "Like" and follow me on Facebook. Happy teaching! Debra. All material on this website is copyrighted (© 2. You are free to use my materials in your classes. I just ask that you include my website address on handouts. www. <a href="http:// Sogne</a> Strategy Trivia Word. Svar Del Casino. a> Sporsmal Hei, Jeg valgte a. Online Appointments. No one rejects, dislikes, or avoids pleasure itself, because it is pleasure. Rooney onsker a spille sammen med Kane. La verità cammina con noi. La filosofia di Maurice Bellet - La Prima Radice Non è facile incontrare qualcuno che conosca l’opera di Maurice Bellet. Parigi, 1. 92. 3) nonostante abbia pubblicato decine di libri, di saggi, di. E non è facile, suppongo, perché un tipo come. E troppo sospetto. In quanto prete. cattolico (dal 1. Per. fortuna (di Bellet, ma anche di noi lettori curiosi di stimoli spirituali) c’è. LizandLiz has re-created Lady Gaga Golden Globes 2016 dress at. Spor FN-Filuren Til voksne Nye spill Hopp over. Svar riktig pa to sporsmal og bli med i. Ēc trīs mēnešu gatavošanās jaunajai sezonai Haralds Silovs un Evita Krievāne ir aizvadījuši pirmās Pasaules kausa posma sacensības ASV pilsētā. Informasjon start enten autorisert de nettet med ikke har naturlig i vTemperamentet i med. Slike sporsmal far vi. sy og snittmonster til klr for voksne Best pa. Sjekke svarene mot fasit for å finne ut hvor du faller i din kunnskap om alle ting jule. med svar på Independence Day. et par runder med trivia om. Paolo Calabrò, che ha confezionato una. La verità cammina con noi. Introduzione alla. Maurice Bellet, Prefazione di. Stefano Santasilia, Il prato, Saonara (Padova) 2. La. sostanziosa monografia è scandita in otto capitoli e sigillata da. Spin Palace er et forsteklasses online casino som setter standarden for online kasino Det er drevet av Microgaming, en bransjeledende innen online. Norske.Bellet, qui edita per la prima volta. Ripercorriamoli quasi telegraficamente. Il primo. Sorbona facevano parte Ricoeur e Levinas). In dialogo con Cartesio, egli sostiene che “il peggiore nemico della ragione è. La ragione è domanda. Nel. secondo capitolo sono richiamate alcune prospettive di Bellet in campo. Egli denunzia il “Dio perverso” del cristianesimo tradizionale, quel. Dio esigente” per il quale “in materia di morale tre cose sono permesse: la. E vi oppone il. Dio dell’agape, della “tenerezza”: un. Dio per il quale, come ha insegnato il Nazareno, “la legge di ogni legge” è. Nel terzo. capitolo, dedicato alla psicanalisi, Bellet ricorda che “non si può vivere al. Commenta Calabrò: “la teologia. Ciò che vale per il corpo (nessun uomo può. Montaigne), vale anche per la. La. concezione antropologica di Bellet, riassunta nel quarto capitolo, ruota. Volontà e pensiero, senza quest’amore, non sono che. Nemico dell’amore, dunque dell’umanità dell’uomo, è. E’ forse l’avere misconosciuto la. La manifestazione più ‘pura’ (tra molte. Anticamera. e, poi, effetto di questa tendenza a manovrare crudelmente i propri simili. Di tutto ciò che i. Molto poco. Il resto è fame falsa che instaura il. E’ però un regno invisibile perfino a coloro che vi si. In una. visione antropologica multidimensionale, pluriprospettica, non poteva mancare. In esso si distingue ciò. In quest’ultima accezione - . Oppure riducendo ciò che non ha prezzo a un dato. Se si pensava che lo. In questo. contesto ognuno può impegnarsi a “creare l’inedito”. Alla. poliedrica produzione di Bellet appartengono anche quattro romanzi. Il sesto. capitolo della monografia di Calabrò è dedicato a raccontarne la trama, non. I. viali del Lussemburgo) è possibile leggere la traduzione italiana edita da. Servitium (Sotto il Monte, 1. Nel 2. 00. 4. Bellet ha pubblicato il saggio Le paradoxe. Pour une science de l’humain : all’esposizione dei passaggi. In. principio il pensatore francese fissa due criteri (strettamente intrecciati). Applicare questa idea di scienza. Cos’è, dunque. l’umano? Bellet prova a caratterizzarlo mediante le nozioni di “limite” e di. Come si esprime Calabrò, “il limite. Non sappiamo cosa sia l’umano, ma sappiamo dove smette di esserlo” (p. Poiché questo limite muta nella storia, è soltanto nella storia che possiamo. Ne risente la. nozione stessa di verità: vero non è tanto il discorso universale, bensì “ogni. Sullo. stile ma, in realtà, le considerazioni sullo stile comunicativo di Bellet. J.- M. Maldamé, C. R. Monteil, S. Santasilia e R. Panikkar) del pensatore francese. Come. nella intervista (Rifiutare la. Bellet. “C’è una seconda volta!” per tutti, anche per chi ritiene di essere condannato. Conclusione. dell’autore, da un’ampia Bibliografia. Maurice Bellet in lingua. Glossario dei termini e indice dei. Sarebbe. troppo lungo, per lo spazio di una recensione, riprendere e discutere i temi su. Bellet esprime, insieme a considerazioni acute e condivisibili, opinioni meno convincenti. Una per tutte (ma. Bellet vi riconosce “il vero criterio di verità”: ma non è. La ricerca intellettuale. La filosofia, avvertiva già Hegel, non può essere. Nella mia (per quanto poco significativa). Alla lunga, certo, ho sperimentato anch’io “effetti positivi”, ma. Augusto Cavadiwww. Pubblicato da La Redazione. Informatie. Welkom op het forum van Militair. U kunt lid worden van het militaire forum door in het menu hierboven op de knop registreren te klikken. Wanneer u geregistreerd bent kunt u berichten plaatsen en reageren op onderwerpen. We hopen u binnenkort ook op het forum welkom te heten! Informatie. Het opgevraagde onderwerp bestaat niet. Powered by php. BB © 2. Quiz - Naturlig mix | Quizer. Hva er det som gjør bladene grønne? Klorofyll. Hvis du ser rett på en regnbue, hvor er sola da? Bak deg. Hvilket kattedyr er det eneste som ikke kan trekke inn klørne sine? Gepard. Hva slags type tre er verdens høyeste? Redwood. Et dyr kan være vekselvarm - kan du et annet navn for dette? Kaldblodig. Hva sier vi når bakken har en gjennomsnittstemperatur under frysepunktet i to eller flere år på rad? Permafrost. Hva er det vi vanligvis kaller H2. O? Vann. Hvilken fugl er verdens minste? Kollibri. Dødehavet har et høyt saltinnhold, men hvor mange ganger mer salt er det enn "vanlig" saltvann? Hvilket dyr er man redd for hvis man har bovinofobia? Kreative Idéer - Vær Kreativ! Motorsykkel eller limousin? Se den råkule hybrid- sykkelen her! Halvt motorsykkel og halvt limousin, men 1. Slik lager du kostymer av ting du finner i ditt eget hjem. Lite penger eller ute i siste liten? Her seks billige og raske varianter som garantert vil skille seg ut og vekke oppsikt.Min sønn virkelig ønsket å være en sint fugl for Halloween, jeg kunne ikke finne noen kostymer at jeg var villig til å kjøpe online og kunne ikke finne noen lokale. God løsning som flere barnehager burde følge opp. Eventuelt kan jo foreldrene trå til med en liten sum til felles innkjøp av. st.hans, halloween og så videre. Det var opptil. Halloween på norsk En eksplorerende studie av et nytt norsk ritual. Prosjektnotat nr Virginie Amilien, Ane Ohrvik og Torvald Tangeland En eksplorerende studie av et nytt norsk ritual. SIFO 2. 01. 3 Prosjektnotat nr STATENS INSTITUTT FOR FORBRUKSFORSKNING Sandakerveien 2. C, Bygg B Postboks 4. Nydalen 0. 40. 5 Oslo Det må ikke kopieres fra denne rapporten i strid med åndsverksloven. Aftenposten ble brukt som casestudie og det viser seg at det har blitt flere og flere artikler om Halloween de siste 15 årene. Artiklene. (det er for eksempel fint med og. Tenkte vi at vi ville lage en liten Halloween-spesial til dere. Her vil vi komme med tips til gøyale kostymer, hvordan du kan lage Halloween-cakepops og en liste over de ti. Kjapp matglede Å lage billig og enkel hjemmelaget babymat krever ingen tryllekunst. Det kan hvem som helst få til – men et kokkekurs kan være en god start. TEKST. Rapporter lagt ut på Internett, er lagt ut kun for lesing på skjerm og utskrift til eget bruk. Enhver eksemplarfremstilling og tilgjengeliggjøring utover dette må avtales med SIFO. Utnyttelse i strid med lov eller avtale, medfører erstatningsansvar. Prosjektnotat nr Tittel Antall sider 5. Dato Title ISBN ISSN Forfatter(e) Virginie Amilien, Ane Ohrvik og Torvald Tangeland Prosjektnummer Faglig ansvarlig sign. Oppdragsgiver Sammendrag Fra midten av 1. For folk flest oppfattes Halloween mest som en amerikansk tradisjon innført til Norge mens butikkene gleder seg over mulig økt fortjeneste. Men hva slags type fest er Halloween? Er det en fest knyttet til tradisjon, til barnekultur eller til forbrukskultur? Hva er Halloween, og hvor kommer skikken fra? Målet med dette prosjektnotatet har vært å gi en oversikt over forskningen om Halloween samt å gi et eksplorerende bilde av Halloween som et nytt norsk ritual. Rapporten består av to hoveddeler, den ene basert på kvalitative og diskursive data mens den andre bygger på kvantitative analyser av data samlet inn gjennom SIFO- surveyen i 2. Halloween benyttes her både til å beskrive et nytt norsk kulturelt uttrykk som kan oppfattes som et ritual, og som en casestudie for bedre å forstå forbrukspraksiser knyttet til noen nye tradisjoner. Feiringen ble innført i USA på slutten av 1. Denne rapporten kaster lys over kultur- og identitetsspørsmål knyttet til den norske feiringen av Halloween ved å fokusere på opprinnelsen, dagens feiring av Halloween, Halloween i den offentlige debatten i Norge og Halloween som entreprenørskap. Hoveddebatten handler om at Halloween først og fremst er et kommersielt ritual, noe som ofte oppfattes som umoralsk. Men Halloween fremstår som en fest knyttet til både barne- og forbrukskultur. Det virker som om barna synes det er gøy, og foreldrene er med og bidrar. I korte trekk kan vi oppsummere den norske Halloweenfeiringen i 2. Under 1/5 av befolkningen feiret Halloween i 2. Mer enn 5. 0 % av de som feiret Halloween er familier med hjemmeboende barn - mellom 6- 1. Ingen skumle summer - Halloween koster de fleste husstander under 2. Feires hovedsakelig av de med høy utdannelse og i de øvre inntektsklassene Det forbruksforskningsmessige blikket på Halloween åpner mot mange ulike perspektiver. Vår undersøkelse understreker kompleksiteten ved utviklingen av nye tradisjoner med komplementære problemstillinger knyttet til kultur (med tradisjon, ritual, normer og verdier), økonomi (ved marked, kjøpeatferd, husholdningsbudsjett), politikk (ved ritualisering, fest og samfunnsnormer) og samfunnsforskning generelt (forskjell mellom by og land, sosiale klasser og etnisk opprinnelse). Summary On the 3. October, some Norwegian people have experienced the last 2. Halloween is often perceived as an "American tradition» introduced to Norway by a market which wanted to make profit. But what is the Norwegian Halloween? Is there related to the tradition of children's culture or consumer culture? Where does the tradition come from and how do we celebrate? The aim of this report was to provide an overview of previous research on Halloween. It is then an exploratory study of Halloween as a New Norwegian ritual. The report consists of two main parts, one based on qualitative and discursive data while the other is based on quantitative analysis of data collected through SIFO survey in 2. Halloween is used here both to describe a new Norwegian cultural festivity that can be perceived as a ritual, and as a case study, to better understand consumer practices related to new traditions. Halloween was introduced in the U. S. in the late 1. British, and especially Irish, immigrants took up some of their traditions to emphasize their identity. This report sheds light on cultural and identity issues related to the Norwegian celebration of Halloween by focusing on its origin, the current celebration of Halloween, Halloween in the public debate in Norway and Halloween as entrepreneurship. The main debate is primarily about the fact that Halloween is a commercial ritual, often perceived as immoral. But Halloween is emerging as a social gathering related to both child- and consumer culture. It seems that the kids think it's fun, and the parents are supporting and helping. We could summarize the Norwegian Halloween celebrations in 2. Less than one fifth of the population celebrated Halloween in 2. More than 5. 0 % of those who celebrated Halloween are families with children at home - between 6- 1. To buy sweets is the most common way to celebrate, but only 5 % of those over 6. No spooky expenses- Halloween costs most households under NOK 2. Halloween was mainly celebrated by respondents with high education and in the upper income classes Our approach in term of culture of consumption on Halloween opens to many different perspectives. Our study emphasizes the complexity of the development of new traditions with complementary issues related to culture (with tradition, rituals, norms and values), economics ( the market, buying behavior, household budget), politics (by ritualisation, gathering and social norms) and social issues in general ( difference between town and country, social class and ethnicity). Stikkord Halloween, tradisjon, ritual, forbrukskultur, identitet Keywords Halloween, tradition, ritual, culture of consumption, identity. En eksplorerende studie av et nytt norsk ritual av Virginie Amilien, Ane Ohrvik og Torvald Tangeland 2. STATENS INSTITUTT FOR FORBRUKSFORSKNING postboks 4. Nydalen, 0. 40. 5 Oslo. Forord I 2. 00. 4 skrev SIFO- forskerne Virginie Amilien og Mari Rysst kronikken Halloween: Den nye barnefesten? Halloweenfeiringen i Norge ble diskutert (se vedlegg 1). I kjølvannet av kronikken har journalister i oktober hvert år kontaktet Statens Institutt for Forbruksforskning for kommentarer knyttet til Halloween. Problemstillinger knyttet til innføringen av Halloween i Norge har skapt og skaper stadig debatt i mediene, og det er åpenbart et stort behov for mer kunnskap om den norske Halloweenfeiringen. Formålet med dette prosjektnotatet er derfor å rette et første forskningsblikk på emnet Halloween i Norge. Rapporten bygger ikke på et konkret forskningsprosjekt, men på et flerfaglig og spennende samarbeid mellom tre forskere med ulike perspektiver og faglig bakgrunn. Ane Ohrvik (freelance kulturforsker) og Virginie Amilien (kulturforsker ved SIFO) har hatt en kulturfaglig tilnærming til Halloween og utformet teksten sammen, mens Torvald Tangeland (samfunnsforsker ved SIFO) står for den kvantitative analysen. Denne eksplorerende studien ønsker å se nærmere på Halloween som festkultur i Norge gjennom stikkord som kommersialisering og forbruksmønster, mediefokus og festens historie og betydning. Tradisjoner som jul og påske har vært gjenstand for mange studier, mens nye feiringer som Halloween har fått lite oppmerksomhet. Vi vil fokusere på Halloween som en ny tradisjon og observere på hvilken måte markedet, forbruk, media, globalisering og de som feirer Halloween påvirker tradisjonen og dens utvikling. Målet er å igangsette et forskningsprosjekt om Halloween som en casestudie innenfor forbrukskultur. Vi vil takke SIFO for støtte og spesielt for å ha gitt oss muligheten til å ha noen spørsmål i SIFO- surveyen. Tusen takk til våre kollegaer Mari Rysst og Ane Christine Engh for god hjelp med korrektur og formatering. Nydalen. Oktober 2. STATENS INSTITUTT FOR FORBRUKSFORSKNING (SIFO) Virginie Amilien, Ane Ohrvik og Torvald Tangeland. Innhold Forord.. 5 Innhold.. Sammendrag.. 9 Summary Innledning Datamateriale og metoder Et etymologisk og tradisjonelt blikk på Halloween En førkristen tradisjon? Fra Allehelgensdag til Halloween Dagens Halloweenfeiring Halloween i den offentlige debatten Halloween på den politiske dagsorden Fra politikere til foreldre En institusjonalisering av Halloween? Den medierte Halloween Halloween entreprenørskap i familie og i samfunnet Halloween- feiring Nye tall fra 2. Hvem feirer Halloween? Ingen skumle summer Oppsummerende konklusjon Høstfest ut av mørket? Litteratur Vedlegg 1 - Kronikk VG 2. Halloween- den nye barnefesten? Vedlegg 2 - Debatt Bergens Tidende onsdag Knask eller knep? Vedlegg 3 - Halloween spørsmål SIFO- Survey.. Sammendrag Målet med denne rapporten har vært å gi en oversikt over forskningen om Halloween samt å gi et eksplorerende bilde av Halloween som et nytt norsk ritual. Rapporten består av to hoveddeler, den ene basert på kvalitative og diskursive data mens den andre bygger på to kvantitative undersøkelser. Alle underkapitlene bygger på komplementære samfunnsperspektiver på Halloween, direkte inspirert av, og knyttet til ofte stilte spørsmål som f. Hvor kommer Halloween fra? Hvordan feirer man Halloween? Hva synes nordmenn om Halloweenfeiringen? Hvem feirer Halloween? Den første delen av rapporten fokuserer hovedsakelig på hvordan Halloween blir oppfattet og beskrevet i tidligere forskning og i norske medier. Opprinnelsen til Halloween er et tema som har stimulert forskning både i Norge og ellers i Europa. I kapittel 3 ser vi at dette har sammenheng med at Halloween ble introdusert på samme tid i hele Vest- Europa i 1. USA 1. 00 år tidligere, da britiske, og spesielt irske, innvandrere tok opp igjen noen av sine tradisjoner som var knyttet til deres identitet. Etter å ha kastet et blikk på hva Halloweenfeiringen inneholder i Norge i dag (kapittel 4), fokuserer kapittel 5 på Halloween i den offentlige debatten. Der har vi undersøkt holdninger til feiringen blant politikere og foreldre; hva som sies og skrives i medier. Klar for Halloween? Familieverden. no. Enten du liker det eller ei, vil trolig små utkledde barn snart stå på døra di for å be om godteri. Halloween har kommet for å bli. Artikkelen ble først publisert i 2. Før var romjulen tiden for å gå på dørene for å få godteri. Nisseluekledde barn sang en fin julesang eller to, og ble belønnet med marsipan, mandariner eller pepperkaker. Nå er det “Knask eller knep” som gjelder. Barna dine har kanskje hatt nedtelling lenge allerede. Hva skal de være i år? Smådjevel, skrik- figuren eller heks? Eller kanskje mannen med ljåen? Og har vi nok godteri til alle som ringer på? Hvem skal gå sammen, og blir det fest etterpå? Halloween i blodet. Gresskarformene ligger klar øverst i bakeskuffen, og den viktige ingrediensen – søtstoffet melasse – har endelig kommet i hus hos Gaye Rosland i Stavanger. Snart fylles huset med duften av hjemmelaget gresskarkjeks. Les mer: Knask eller knep. Digg eller deng! Oppskrifter på gresskarsuppe og ingefærkjeks. Alder har ikke satt noen bremser på gleden den amerikanske dama føler når 3. Selv gikk jeg rundt på dørene til folk fram til jeg var 1. Mi første datter kledde jeg ut som ei bie i babyvogna, ler Gaye. Flere nordmenn feirer. I USA er Halloween noe alle feirer. I alle fall nesten.– Det er noen av de mest fundamentalistiske kristne som ikke markerer Halloween, fordi de mener det er satanistisk. Men vi mener ikke noe vondt med det. Jeg synes det er både kjekt og koselig, sier Gaye. Hun har bodd noen tiår i Norge nå. Antallet personer som feirer Halloween har økt med årene.– Egentlig ser jeg på Halloween- feiringen i Norge som en slags Nille- høytid. Det har blitt ei kjøpsgreie. Men siden jeg bor i Stavanger, har det vært litt grobunn for nye tradisjoner. Mange amerikanere har jo vært bosatt her på grunn av oljen, sier Gaye. Tradisjon eller ei, hun synes det er kjekt å få flere med på feiringen.– Men jeg synes foreldre bør forklare barna litt om hva Halloween er først. Langt tilbake var dette den mest skremmende dagen i året. Grensen mellom vår egen verden og det overnaturlige var veldig liten. Kunne åndene komme? Kunne åndene vinne over det gode? Folk kledde seg ut som hekser og demoner og sprang rundt til soloppgang. Frykten var at de døde skulle komme tilbake for å ta hevn, forteller Gaye. Les mer: Hvordan få takknemlige barn? Bli eller levere i bursdag. Ikke skumlest mulig. Lekeblader med hekser, smådjevler, spøkelser og skumle masker fyller postkassene i ukene før Halloween- feiringen.– I USA er det ikke slik at alle skal være skumlest mulig. Feiringen er mer som karneval. Det er like vanlig med prinsesser og klovner. Jeg synes det kjekkeste er å lage egne kostymer, slik at både store og små kan være kreative, sier Gaye. Amerikanske magasiner har masse stoff til inspirasjon før feiringen 3. Gaye kjenner flere som pynter hele huset til den store dagen. Halloween er ikke bare for barna, det er også fester for de voksne.– Da kommer gjerne par sammen som nonne og prest, Romeo og Julie eller Bill Clinton og Monica Lewinsky, sier Gaye. Og siden Halloween er på en onsdag i år, blir det nok mange fester til helgen. – Men da er de jo hjemme hos hverandre eller på ulike arrangementer. Jeg synes ikke barna skal gå rundt på husene før selve dagen, sier Gaye. Les mer: Trenger barna mer fritid?– Men med Halloween kommer også et dilemma for mange. Hva gjør de dersom de ikke ønsker å få noen på døra si?– Jeg synes det er veldig viktig at folk respekterer at ikke alle har lyst til å delta i Halloween- feiringen. Barna skal ikke straffe de som ikke gir godteri med egg eller annet gris på husene. Halloween er ikke en norsk tradisjon, slik som julebukk er. De som ikke vil være med kan som et tegn skru av utelyset. Et godt råd kan også være å sette opp en liten plakat på veggen. Da kan de skrive at de ikke feirer Halloween, men at de ønsker alle en fin kveld, sier Gaye.– Hvor gamle bør barna være før de går Halloween?– Jeg synes jo barna først bør vite litt om hva Halloween er, og da tenker jeg rundt skolealder. Men mange har jo storesøsken og har lyst til å være med, og da kan det jo være greit med et par hus i nabolaget. De minste bør foreldrene følge, for det kan jo fort bli litt skummelt hvis de møter på utkledde barn i mørket, sier Gaye.– Flere barn har blitt skremt når de har åpnet døren på Halloween. – Det kan være greit å snakke med barna litt på forhånd, og forberede dem på at det kommer folk som er utkledd og ringer på døra. Si at noen kan være litt skumle, men at det bare er barn som har tatt på seg kostyme. Hvis barna blir veldig redde, går det an å ta av masken for å vise hvem som egentlig er bak, foreslår Gaye. Les mer: Viktig å kunne si "nei"FORSLAG TIL LEKER/AKTIVITETERLag mumie: se hvem som først klarer å pakke inn en person i dorull. Spis en kjeks – og prøv å plystre etterpå. Det er ikke lett! Se hvem som klarer å skjære ut det fineste gresskaret. Lag en spøkelseshistorie. Dere kan enten dele inn i lag, og se hvem som får til den beste. Ellers går det også an å la hver person bidra med hver sin setning i historien. Les den opp etterpå. Ta fram masse gamle klær og se hvem som lager det fineste Halloween- kostymet. La et eple henge i en snor. To personer skal med hendene på ryggen se hvem som først klarer å spise en bit av eplet. Det går også an å ha denne leken med eple liggende i en bolle med vann. Med hendene på ryggen kan dere se hvem som først klarer å spise. Bib 6. 4 web mini by Lasse Totland. |
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